ABOUT THIS BOOK
SIRRIN CRYPTO
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE ON HOW TO BECOME A
PROFESSIONAL TRADE
Copyright © 2022 Nasir I. Mahuta
All rights reserved.
No part of this book can be reproduced in any form or by written, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
retrieval system without written permission in writing by the author.
Published by Harmony Publishing
Plot 1 Emmanuel Anabor, Off Mopo Road, United Estate, Sangotedo, Lagos,
Nigeria
+2347032212481
publish@harmonypublishing.com.ng
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book,
the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.
Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
information contained herein.
ISBN- 978-978-59369-0-2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nasir I. Mahuta ɗalibin ilimi ne ma'abocin
bincike da nazari a fannonin ilimi da dama,
musamman ilimin da ya shafi fasahar zamani
(Technology). Ƙwararren software
developer ne mamallakin kamfanin Sa'a Ltd.
Ƙwararren ɗan kasuwar Internet ne (Digital
marketing), mai shaidar ƙwarewar ta
kamfanin Google. Ɗalibin fasahar blockchain
ne da ke da shaidar kammala gajeren karatun 'The Blockchain' a
University of California, Irvine. Ɗalibin cryptocurrency ne da ke da
shaidar kammala karatun Diploma akan cryptocurrency a Alison. Bugu
da ƙari; yana ɗaya daga cikin Ƴan Crypto da suka shahara a arewacin
Nijeriya, ya kuma horar da matasa fiye da 3000 kasuwancin crypto,
sannan Ƙwararren mai bada shawara ne akan kasuwancin crypto.
Contacts:
Nasmahuta@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/Nasirimahuta
DEDICATION
Na sadaukar da littafin nan ga Mai gidana Alh. Abubakar Adamu
(Makaman Bakundi) da Hon. Sabi'u Sa'idu Mahuta (Sardaunan
Daneji), Hon. Abubakar Yahya Kusada (House of Reps, Member
Representing Kankia/Ingawa/Kusada Federal Constituency,
Katsina State), Alh. Usman Habib Yahya Kano, Rabi’u Ali (Biyora),
Datti Assalafy, Iyayena, Ƴan uwana, Aminaina, Abokaina da
ilahirin Ƴan Crypto na arewacin Nijeriya.
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Kasuwancin cryptocurrency na ci gaba da haɓaka gami da
mamaya tamkar wutar jeji, mutane a sassa daban-daban na
faɗin duniya na tururuwar shiga kasuwancin. Adadin masu
amfani da cryptocurrency kullum ƙaruwa ya ke duk da matsin lamba da
ƙoƙarin yaƙi da shi da Gwamnatocin wasu ƙasashen ke yi. Alherin da a
ke samu a kasuwancin ya sa al'umma ke tururuwar shiga domin ka da a
yi babu su, wanda suka jima a cikin kasuwancin za ka iya ganin alherin
a bayyane tare da su.
Babban abin ƙayatarwa da kasuwancin crypto shi ne, saye da sayarwar
duka yana faruwa ne akan internet. Ta hanyar amfani da wayar da ke
hannunka kana iya zama babban Ɗan kasuwa, kana zaune a cikin
ɗakinka ba tare da ka je ko ina ba za ka iya samun maƙudan kuɗaɗe.
Idan kai ma'aikaci ne, kasuwancin crypto ba zai hana ka yin aikin ka ba
domin za ka iya gudanar da kasuwancin kana a wajen aikinka ko bayan
ka koma gida. Hatta Ƴan kasuwar da ke kasuwancin zahiri, ɗalibai da ke
karatu, malamai da ke koyarwa a makarantu, matan gida, tsoffi da
gajiyayyu duka za su iya gudanar da kasuwancin a duk inda su ke. Ashe
kuwa, kasuwancin crypto zai taimaka sosai wajen rage yawan marasa
aikin yi musamman a nan arewacin Nijeriya.
Matasan kudancin Nijeriya sun jima suna taka leda a kasuwancin
cryptocurrency, ci gaban da su ke samu a dalilin crypto kuwa a bayyane
ya ke domin za ka gan su suna walwala da facaka cikin wadata da
ƙarancin talauci. A nan arewacin Nijeriya kuwa, ba a jima ba da matasa
suka farga da kasuwancin sosai, duk da akwai waɗanda sun jima a ciki
ba tare da an sani ba. Ko a arewacin Nijeriyar, mutanen da suka samu
alheri sanadiyyar kasuwancin crypto suna da yawa sosai, waɗanda a
baya ba su da aikin yi, yanzu a sanadiyyar crypto sun zama attajirai.
Duk da ɗimbin alherin da ke tattare da kasuwancin, babban ƙalubalen
da mutane ke fuskanta shi ne ƙarancin ilimin sanin sirrin yadda a ke
gudanar da kasuwancin cikin ƙwarewa. Mutane da yawa suna biyan
maƙudan kuɗaɗe domin a koya masu, wasu har ƙasashen waje su ke
tafiya da niyyar koyowa, amma haka za su dawo ba tare da samun
cikakkiyar ƙwarewar da su ke buƙata ba. Hatta waɗanda suka jima a
harkar da yawa suna yin kasuwancin ne a makance ba tare da ƙwarewa
ba, wanda hakan na kai su ga tafka mummunar asara.
Wannan littafin 'Sirrin Crypto' na ɗauke sirrukan kasuwancin crypto
cikin fayyataccen bayanin da hatta mai ƙaramar ƙwaƙwalwa zai iya
fahimta cikin sauƙi, kuma ya ji fahimtar a zuciyarsa sannan ya ga
fahimtar a idanunsa. Babban maƙasudin rubuta wannan littafin shi ne,
domin na sauƙaƙewa mutanen arewacin Nijeriya da ma dukkanin
wanda ya iya karatun Hausa wahalar fahimtar kasuwancin crypto. Na
rubuta littafin ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin 'Eng-Hausa' watau tsarin
haɗa Turanci da bayanin Hausa domin yai sauƙin fahimta ga masu jin
yaren Hausa tare da ba su matashiyar da za su iya ƙara zurfafa bincike
a mataki na gaba. Ina da tabbacin wannan littafin zai zama sanadiyyar
wadatuwar ilimin crypto a arewacin Nijeriya, sannan zai zama
sanadiyyar samun riba mai tarin yawa ga masu yin kasuwancin tare da
taimaka musu wajen rage yawan yin asara.
Littafin na ɗauke da ɓangarori guda uku; The art of HODling,
Cryptocurrency analysis da Cryptocurrency trading strategies.
Ɓangaren 'The art of hodling' na ɗauke da bayani akan cryptocurrency;
tarihin samuwar sa, ma'anarsa, rabe-rabensa, fa'idojinsa, inda a ke kasuwancinsa, yadda a ke kasuwancinsa tare da muhimman abubuwan
da ya kamata wanda zai yi kasuwancin crypto ya sani. Wannan ɓangare
ne na musamman ga waɗanda ke son fara kasuwancin crypto a matakin
farko. Ɓangare na biyu 'Cryptocurrency analysis' na ɗauke da bayani
daki-daki, filla-filla akan yadda a ke gudanar da fundamental analysis
domin sanin ingancin coin kafin sayen sa da bayan sayen sa, da kuma
yadda a ke gudanar da technical analysis domin gane alƙiblar da
farashin coin ke fuskanta a kasuwa. Wannan ɓangare ne na musamman
ga waɗanda sun jima da fara kasuwancin crypto, zai taimaka musu
wajen kaucewa sayen jabun coin domin kaucewa yin asara tare da sanin
lokacin da ya kamata su sayi coin da lokacin da ya kamata su sayar su
samun riba mai tarin yawa. Ɓangare na uku 'Trading strategies' na
ɗauke da sirrukan kasuwancin crypto tun daga sanin; lokacin da ya
kamata a sayi coin da lokacin da ya kamata a sayar, yadda a ke kasafta
jari domin samun riba da tsarukan da a ke amfani da su na rage yin
asara, kyawawan ɗabi'un da ya kamata mai kasuwancin crypto ya
ɗabi'antu da su domin samun nasara da munanan ɗabi'un da ya kamata
ya nesanta domin guje wa yin asara, salon kasuwancin crypto dabandaban da mafi yawan Ƴan kasuwar crypto ba su san da su ba ballantana
su ke yi, da ma wasu tarin sirruka kala-kala da sanin su zai canja akalar
kasuwancinka kacokan.
Ina fatan sanadiyyar littafin nan milliyoyin mutane su fahimci
kasuwancin crypto a sauƙaƙe, su dogara da kansu sannan su taimakawa
ƴan uwansu. Hakan ya zama sanadiyyar raguwar matsi da tsananin
talaucin da ke addabar mutanen Arewa. Wanda za su fara kasuwancin
su shiga da ƙafar dama, waɗanda suka jima da farawa kuma su dace da
alherin da ke cikinsa.
Contents
ABOUT THE AUTHOR.............................................................................................. I
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................II
ABOUT THIS BOOK................................................................................................. III
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1
PART ONE: THE ART OF HODLING........................................................................ 3
Brief History Of Cryptocurrency .................................................................... 3
CHAPER 01: MONEY ................................................................................................... 5
WHAT IS MONEY?.......................................................................................................... 5
How People’s Trust In Money Has Evolved............................................... 6
Fiat Money ............................................................................................................... 8
Characteristics Of Money ...............................................................................12
Centralization Vs Decentralization ............................................................ 17
CHAPTER 02: INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOCURRENCY......................................19
WHAT IS CRYPTOCURRENCY?...................................................................................21
Characteristics of Cryptocurrency ............................................................. 21
Pros and Cons of Cryptocurrency ............................................................... 25
Types Of Cryptocurrencies ............................................................................32
CHAPTER 03: CRYPTOCURRENCY EXCHANGES ..................................................38
What Are Cryptocurrency Exchanges? ..................................................... 38
TYPES OF CRYPTOCURRENCY EXCHANGES .............................................................. 39
Centralized Exchanges (CEX) .......................................................................39
INTRODUCTION
Tun daga samuwar Bitcoin a 2009, fasahar blockchain ke ƙara
samun ƙarɓuwar da mamaye harkokinmu na yau da kullum
kamar yadda ruwa ke mamaye gidaje yayin ambaliya. Masana da
yawa na kallon fasahar blockchain a matsayin guguwar sauyi da za ta
canja yadda mu ke gudanar da al'amuran yau da kullum kamar yadda
internet ta samu nasarar canjawa. Ƙarɓuwar fasahar har ya kai manyan
kamfanoni kamar Tesla, Amazon da SpaceX suna karɓar Bitcoin a
matsayin kuɗin da za a biya su da shi, suna kuma ajiye shi a matsayin
kuɗin rara (Reserve) maimakon ajiye zinare. Nasarar da Bitcoin ya
samu ta kai ƙasashe da yawa na ƙoƙarin mayar da shi halataccen kuɗin
saye da sayarwa na ƙasashen watau "Legal tender" Daga cikin ƙasashen
da suka halatta amfani da cryptocurrency a matsayin kuɗin cinikayya
akwai El Salvador, muhimman nasarorin da cryptocurrency ya samu
sun kuma haɗa da:
★ A yau, akwai kimanin nau'ikan cryptocurrencies guda 15,447
da a ke hada-hadarsu a internet kamar Ethereum, BNB, USDT,
Shiba, Dogecoin, Solana, LUNA da dai sauransu.
★ Kimanin Ƴan kasuwa da kamfanoni 18,000 ne suka yarda a
dinga biyansu da cryptocurrencies kamar yadda rahoton
Chainalysis ya nuna.
★ Kasuwannin hada-hadar cryptocurrency (Exchangers) kuwa,
adadinsu ya kai kimanin 444 waɗanda suka shahara kuma aka
fi amfani da su
★ Ƙimar kasuwar cryptocurrency ya haura kimanin
$3,000,000,000,000,000.
★ Kimanin adadin mutane 300,000,000 ne ke yin kasuwancin
crypto a faɗin duniya.
★ A Nijeriya kaɗai, masu amfani da cryptocurrency sun kai
13,000,000 kamar yadda rahoton Chainalysis ya nuna.
★ A watan April, 2021 kaɗai, mutanen Nijeriya sun yi hada-hadar
cryptocurrency da ya kai kimanin $1,800,000 kamar yadda
Jaridar The Africa Report ta wallafa.
★ Kamar yadda ya ke a rahoton binciken shekarar 2020 da Paxful
ta fitar, Nijeriya ita ce ƙasa ta biyu a jerin ƙasashen da a ke
hada-hadar Bitcoin.
★ A May, 2021 kaɗai, ƴan Nijeriya sun yi hada-hadar Bitcoin da
ya kai na $2,000,000,000, kamar yadda rahoton Chainalysis ya
nuna.
★ Yawan mutane Millionaires da suka mallaki miliyoyin daloli a
kasuwar cryptocurrency sun kai kimanin mutane 100,000,
kamar yadda Bitinfocharts ta wallafa.
PART ONE
THE ART OF HODLING
Brief History Of Cryptocurrency
An fara yunƙurin samar da kuɗaɗen internet ne tun a 1990s, lokacin da
ƙwararren masanin ilimin cryptography nan ɗan asalin kasar America
watau David Chaum ya ƙirƙiri kuɗin internet na farko a ƙasar
Netherlands. David ya samu nasarar ƙirƙirar DigiCash ne ta hanyar
amfani da fasahar Encryption algorithm na RSA domin ba shi cikakken
tsaron adana bayanai da kuma tantance mu'amalolin da a ke yi da shi.
DigiCash ya ɗauki hankullan kafofin yaɗa labarai musamman saboda
kasancewar shi kuɗin internet na farko da aka fara samarwa. Ba a jima
ba ya samu ƙarɓuwa da hasken goshi wajen al'umma har ta kai
kamfanin Microsoft Corporation ya taya shi akan zunzurutun kuɗi har
$180,000,000 da niyyar ɗora shi akan kowacce computer da ke aiki da
windows operating system. Sai dai David Chaum da kamfaninsa ba su
amince da tayin ba, wanda rashin amincewa da tayin kuwa na daga cikin
manyan kurakuren da David Chaum da kamfaninsa suka aikata da yai
sanadiyyar rushewar DigiCash.
Yunƙuri na biyu na samuwar kuɗin internet an ƙirƙiro shi ne daga
faɗaɗa bincike da nazari akan tsarukan DigiCash. Kamfanoni dabandaban daga baya sun duƙufa wajen ƙoƙarin ganin sun samar da kuɗaɗen
internet tare da kawo canje-canje masu ma'ana na zamani wanda
DigiCash bai zo da su ba. Daga cikin kamfanonin akwai: PayPal, wanda
shi ne ya fi shahara da samun ƙarɓuwa a wajen al'umma. Dalilin da ya
sa ya ciri tuta a tsakanin sauran kamfanonin shi ne: saboda ya ba da
damar a yi amfani da shi a dandamalin yanar gizo (Web browser) wanda
hanya ce da mutane suka fi sabawa da ita. PayPal na da bambanci da
sauran kamfanonin masu gasa da shi, masu amfani da PayPal kan iya
tura kuɗi ko karɓar ta amfani da tsarin sadarwa na peer-to-peer. Ya
kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zamantar da harkokin biyan kuɗi
na internet musamman tsarin amfani da katin cire kuɗi (Credit card)
wanda masu amfani da PayPal kan iya mallaka kuma su cire kuɗi a duk
inda su ke a faɗin duniya ba tare da la'akari da bambanci ƙudaɗe ba.
Nasarar da PayPal ya samu ce ta ƙara zaburar da wasu kamfonin wajen
ƙoƙarin ganin sun samar da irin nasu tsarin biyan kuɗi na internet
domin su yi goyayya da shi, daga cikin kamfanonin akwai; E-gold, BMoney, Bit Gold da dai sauransu.
Babban muhimmin abu na gaba a cikin tarihin cryptocurrency shi ne a
October 31, 2008 wani mutum da har yanzu ba a san takamaiman waye
shi ba mai suna 'Satoshi Nakamoto' ya fitar da wata takarda (White
paper) da ke ɗauke da bayani daki-daki na fasahar da a yanzu mu ke
kira da " Blockchain"
Samuwar fasahar blockchain ne ya haifar da samuwar dukkanin
nau'ikan kuɗaɗen da mu ke kira "Cryptocurrency" Ta hanyar amfani da
blockchain ne aka samar da kuɗin Bitcoin. A yau da na ke rubuta littafin
nan akwai fiye da adadin Bitcoin 18,000,000 da ke zagayawa a hannun
mutane wanda ƙimar kuɗinsu ya kai kimanin $1,000,000,000,000,000.
An fara kasuwancin Bitcoin ne a July, 2010, kowanne Bitcoin ɗaya bai
wuce N5 ba a lokacin. Amma a yanzu da na ke maganar nan shekara 13
ke nan da samuwar Bitcoin, farashin kowanne Bitcoin ɗaya ya haura
N38,000,000. Wanda ya sayi Bitcoin na kimanin N100 kacal a July, 2010
zuwa yanzu yana da ribar fiye da N760,000,000
CHAPTER 01
MONEY
Abu ne mai wuya ka fahimci yadda cryptocurrencies su ke, yadda su ke
aiki da yadda a ke kasuwancinsu idan ba ka san yadda kuɗaɗe su ke a
ilimance ba. Saboda haka ne ma, za mu waiwayi tarihin samuwar
kuɗaɗe da yadda suka dinga chanjawa a lokutta daban-daban, tare da
yin bayani game da siffofin da ya kamata a ce kuɗaɗe su na da su kafin a
kira su da kuɗaɗe masu inganci.
What Is Money?
Kuɗi na nufin duk wani abu da al'umma suka yarda su yi amfani da shi
a matsayin abin da zai wakilci ƙimar kayayyakinsu da ayyukansu a
mu'amalolinsu na saye da sayarwa. Kuɗi na ba wa mutane damar
kwatanta ƙimar kayayyaki don sauƙaƙe cinikayya da adana dukiya
yadda ya dace. Misali: ka ba ni kuɗi ni kuma na ba ka wannan littafin,
kuɗin da ka ba ni shi ya wakilci darajar littafina da na ba ka, ni ma zan
iya amfani da kuɗin wajen sayen wani abin daban.
A garuruwan da mu ke rayuwa, akwai mutane daban-daban da ke
ayyuka da sana'o'i daban-daban. Misali, idan ni marubucin littafin fi ne
kai kuma ƙila manomi ne, wani kuma malami ne, wani maɗinki ne yayin
da wani kuma Ɗan kasuwa ne. A matsayina na marubucin littafi ina
buƙatar cin abinci domin na rayu, sai dai ni ba manomi ba ne ballantana
na ke noma abin da zan ci. A matsayinka na manomi kai ma kana buƙatar
karanta litattafai domin ka samu ilimi. A wannan yanayi, ni da kai duka
muna buƙatar abubuwan da ba ma iya samarwa da kanmu dole sai mun
naima a hannun junanmu. Tunda ina buƙatar abincin ci kai kuma kana
buƙatar littafin karantawa ka samu ilimi, zan iya ba ka littafin kai kuma
ka ba ni abincin da ya kai darajar littafina. To amma idan ya kasance ni
ina buƙatar abinci kai kuma ba ka buƙatar littafina kuma fa? Kenan sai
dai na daina rubuta littafi na koma yin noma idan ina son na rayu? Idan
kowa ya koma manomi ta ya za a samu; malamai, likitoci da masu ɗinkin
kaya? Domin kawar da wannan matsalar sai mu samu wani abu daban
wanda da ni da kai muka amince ya wakilci darajar kayayyakinmu, na
ba ka abin kai kuma ka ba ni abinci. Idan kana buƙatar sayen takin
zamani sai kai ma ka ba da abin a ba ka takin zamanin da ka ke buƙata.
Wannan abin da muka amince da shi ya wakilci daraja da ƙimar
kayayyakinmu ko da ganye ne to shi a ke kira da "Kuɗi"
How People’s Trust In Money Has Evolved
A ƙarnukan da suka shuɗe, mutane sun yi amfani da abubuwan dabandaban a matsayin kuɗin cinikayya kamar; fata, gishiri, makamai,
ƙarafuna, tasa, azurfa, tagulla, zinare da dai sauransu. Kafin wannan
lokacin mutane suna amfani da tsarin ban gishiri na ba ka manda
(Bartering system) wajen cinikayya: idan manomi na buƙatar fatanya
sai ya ba da kayan da ya noma a ba shi fatanyar. Sai dai wannan tsari na
yin musayar kayayyaki yana da wahalarwa sosai domin kafin manomin
ya samu wanda zai amince ya ƙarbi kayan gona ya ba shi fatanya sai ya
wahala, ƙila ma sai ya ɗauki kayan gonar ya tafi kasuwa ya dinga cigiya,
idan ma ya samu wanda zai karɓa ya ba shi fatanyar, to sasanta yawan
kayan gonar da zai ba shi ma wani jan aiki ne A hankali sai mutane suka fara amfani da abubuwa masu darajar kamar
gishiri, fata, makamai da dai sauransu a matsayin abubuwan da za su
wakilci ƙimar kayayyakinsu. Idan manomi yana buƙatar fatanya sai ya
ba da gishiri a ba shi fatanya gwargwadon adadin da suka sasanta. Haka
idan yana buƙatar sayar da kayan gonarsa sai ya bayar a ba shi gishiri
ko dai duk wani nau'in abu da su ke amfani da shi a lokacin. Daga baya
mutane suka fahimci amfani da wannan abubuwan ma akwai
wahalarwa, sakamakon akwai abin da ba ya rabuwa ballantana ka raba
ka sayi abin da bai kai darajar guda ɗaya ba, akwai kuma abubuwan da
adana su da yawo da su babban jidali ne. A haka dai har aka zo zamanin
amfani da zinare a matsayin kuɗin cinikayya. Amfani da zinare ya
taiƙaita yawan wahalhalun da mutane ke fuskanta, kasancewar shi ba
ya lalacewa kuma yana da sauƙin adanawa.
Zamani na tafiya mutane na ƙara samun fasahohi tare da kawo
abubuwan da za su sauƙaƙe wahalhalun da su ke yi, anan ne suka
fahimci shi kansa zinaren yana da wahalar cinikayya musamman idan
kana son sayen abin da bai kai darajar sinƙin zinare ba. Hakan ne ya
janyo samuwar tsabobin kuɗaɗen zinare ta hanyar sarrafa shi tare da
samar da sulalansa domin sauƙaƙe wa mutane biyan ƙananun abubuwa
ba tare da shan wahala ba. Ai kuwa kwalliya ta biya kuɗin sabulu domin
mutane sun ɗauki tsawon shekaru suna amfani da sulallan zinare a
matsayin kuɗaɗen cinikayya.
Ilimi na ƙara samuwa, hikimomin ƙirƙira na ƙara samuwa cikin
al'umma, har aka zo zamanin da mutane suka sake fahimtar su ma
tsabobin kuɗaɗen zinaren nan suna da nasu kalar wahalarwar: Idan
kana son zuwa kasuwa sayen kaya masu yawa sai dai ka tafi da tarin
sulala wanda ɗaukarsu kaɗai ma babban jidali ne, ga kuma ɓarayi akan
hanya idan sun tare ka ba za ka iya ɗaukar sulalan ka gudu ba sai dai ka bar su a nan kai kuma ka tsira da rayuwarka. Sakamakon haka aka fara
samar da bankunan ajiyar sulala, idan ka kai sulallanka sai a lissafa a ba
ka takardar shaidar ajiya ka tafi da ita, idan kana son sayen abu
maimakon bayar da zinare kana iya bayar da takardar shaidar ajiyar
zinarenka a ba ka abin. A hankali a hankali amfani da takardar shaidar
ajiyar banki ya mamaye ƙasashen duniya, duk da haka dai kana iya ba
da tsabar kuɗi a karɓa.
Haka mutane suka dinga amfani da takardar shaidar ajiya da kuma
sulallan kuɗi wajen cinikayya, har zuwa zamani mulki mallaka da
yaƙoƙin duniya wanda ya haifar da samuwar kasashe daban-daban.
Kafin samuwar ƙasashen, ba gwamnatoci ne su ke bayar da takardar
shaidar ajiya ba, bankuna ne ke bayarwa. Da ƙasashe suka samu ya
kasance kowacce ƙasa tana da Gwamnatinta daban, sai aka samar da
kuɗin takardu wanda a ke kira da "Fiat money"
Idan mai karatu na fahimta zai ga yadda kuɗaɗe suka dinga canjawa
daga wani abu zuwa wani abu a ƙarnuka daban-daban. Abu ɗaya ne bai
taɓa chanjawa ba: yarda. Dukkanin canje-canjen da aka dinga samu na
abubuwan da a ke amfani da su a matsayin kuɗi ya faru ne saboda
mutanen sun yarda su daina amfani da abu kaza su koma suna amfani
da abu kaza, ashe dai kuɗi na nufin duk abin da al'umma suka yarda da
shi.
Fiat Money
Kalmar "Fiat" ta samo asali ne daga yaren Latin wanda ke nufin "Abin
da aka zartar" Ma'ana abin da Gwamnati ta sanya shi ya zama doka.
Kuɗaɗen fiat, watau kuɗaɗen da mu ke amfani da su a yanzu, darajarsu
da ƙimarsu ta ta'allaƙa ne da zartarwar Gwamnati: ita ke da alhakin samar da su sannan ta zartar cewa kowanne ɗan kasa ya yarda da su a
matsayin kuɗaɗen saye da siyarwa.
Yardar mutane akan amfani da wani abu a matsayin kuɗi yanzun yardar
ta koma akan Gwamnati. Mutane sun yarda Gwamnatin ƙasarsu ta
samar masu da abin da zai wakilci daraja da ƙimar kayayyakinsu da
ayyukansu. Saboda haka Gwamnati ke buga kuɗaɗen takarda ta kuma
ba su darajar da ta ga dama. Ita ke da alhakin cewa "Wannan takardar
N1000 ce wannan kuma N100 ce" sai mutane su ke amfani da su a
matsayin kuɗaɗen cinikayya. Kuma ita kaɗai ce ke da ikon buga
kuɗaɗen da ƙayyade su izuwa duk adadin da ta ke so, yayin da ragowar
mutane kuma ba su da ikon bugawa ko sarrafawa. Saɓanin ada kuma
mutane na da ikon zaɓar abin da su ke so ya wakilci ƙimar kayayyakinsu
sannan kowa na da ikon samar da wannan abin. Tsarin bai wa Gwamnati
ikon kula da al'amuran kuɗi; samar da su, sarrafa su da ƙayyade
adadinsu ita kaɗai shi a ke kira da da "Centralization" yayin da tsarin da
al'umma ke amfani da shi a baya da ya ba su ikon samar da abin da suka
yarda da shi a matsayin kuɗi shi a ke kira da "Decentralization"
Digital Money
Digital money ko digital currency na nufin duk wani nau'in kuɗi da a ke
cinikayya da shi ta hanyar tura lambobin kuɗi maimakon takardarsu ko
sulallansu, kamar dai kuɗin da mu ke turawa ko karɓa ta hanyar amfani
da banki.
Samuwar internet ne ya wajabta samar da kuɗaɗen lambobi domin
al'umma su ke amfani da su wajen cinikayya a internet ɗin. Guguwar
sauyi da juyin juya hali da internet ta zo da shi wanda tai sanadiyyar
sauya fasalin yadda mu ke gudanar da al'amuranmu na yau da kullum,
ya kasance duk wani abu da mu ke amfani da shi a zahiri ana ƙoƙarin samar da irinsa a internet. Internet ta zama tamkar duniya ta biyu
wadda mu ke rayuwa a cikinsu, muna zama a duniyarmu ta zahiri yayin
da wasu al'amuran kuma muna gudanar da su ne a internet kamar;
kafofin sadarwar zamani, kasuwanni da makarantun internet. Ashe
kuwa, matuƙar za mu iya ganin kaya mu saya a internet to akwai
buƙatar ma a ce mu ke iya biyan kuɗin kayan a internet ɗin, wannan
dalilin da makamancinsa ya sa aka samar da kuɗaɗen digital.
Duk da ya ke, galibin nau'in kuɗaɗen digital da mu ke amfani da su
wajen saye da sayarwa su ma fiat money ne, bambancinsu kawai su
lambobi ne ba takardu ko sulallai ba. Ta fuskar sauƙin mu'amala, tsaro
da sauƙin samarwa, kuɗaɗen digital sun fi kuɗaɗen takardu da sulallai
da mu ke amfani da su sauƙi sha'ani. Saboda su lambobi ne, Gwamnati
ba ta buƙatar kashe maƙudan kuɗaɗen buga su, sannan ba za su koɗe a
sake bugo su ba. A yau 92% na kuɗaɗen da mu ke amfani da su wajen
cinikayya a faɗin duniyar nan duka nau'in digital money ne.
A hankali kuɗi na neman canja siffa daga takarda zuwa lambobi kamar
yadda ya canja siffa daga sulallai zuwa takardu. Ilimin da fasahar zamani
ke sanyawa kudade ke canjawa, al'ummar kowanne ƙarni suna ƙoƙarin
ganin sun samar da nau'in kuɗin da ya fi masu sauƙin sha'ani fiye da
wanda suka saba amfani da shi. Idan mai karatu yana fahimta zai ga
amfani da zinare a matsayin kuɗi ya fi amfani da gishiri sauƙin sha'ani,
amfani da sulallan zinare ya fi amfani da sinƙin zinari sauƙin sha'ani,
amfani da kuɗaɗen takardu ya fi amfani da sulallai sauƙin sha'ani, yayin
da amfani da kuɗaɗen digital kuma ya fi amfani da kuɗaɗen takarda
sauƙin sha'ani.
Duk da ya ke masana ma suna ganin dama su kansu kuɗaɗen takardar
ba takardun ba ne masu daraja, darajar kowanne kuɗin takarda yana a
lambobin da su ke ɗauke da su ne. Misali, takardar N1000 ba ta fi takardar N100 daraja ba, illa lambar 1000 da ke cikin N1000 ne ya fi
lambar 100 da ke jikin N100. Kasancewar su nau'in kuɗaɗen fiat watau
kuɗaɗen doka wanda Gwamnati ta ke da ikon ba su duk darajar da ta ga
dama ta hanyar rubuta girman darajar a jikin lambobin da ke takardun.
Takardun kuɗi suna a matsayin abin da mutane za su karanta su ga
wacce daraja Gwamnati ta ba su ne. Da aka samar da computers da
wayoyin hannu ya kasance mutane suna iya karanta saƙonni da turawa
ta cikin su sai aka ɗora lambobin kuɗi a cikinsu tunda dama amfanin
takardun bai wuce don a karanta saƙon Gwamnati da su ke ɗauke da shi
ba, kuma al'umma suna iya karantawa a computers ko wayoyin hannu.
Idan mai karatu ya nazarci wannan zai ga ashe kuɗaɗen da mu ke
amfani da su ba wasu abubuwa ne masu daraja ba illa zartarwar
Gwamnati, sannan ba kuɗaɗen mu ke kashewa ba wannan dokar mu
kewa biyayya. Misali, idan na sayi kaya a gurinka na ba ka kuɗin kayan
ko na tura maka, a zahiri kuɗaɗen nan babu abin da za ka iya sarrafawa
da su, kawai ka amince ka karɓa ne saboda Gwamnati ta ce a dole ka
karɓa. A wannan yanayi, maganar Gwamnatin nan ka yiwa biyayya
amma ba ka karɓi wani abu mai daraja a hannuna ba. Idan na sayi kaya
na ba ka kuɗi tamkar na isar maka da saƙon Gwamnati ne cewa
"Gwamnati ta ce ka ba ni kayan" sai na ba ka takardun kuɗi domin ka
tabbatar saƙon daga Gwamnati ne ba ƙarya na ke ba. Takardun kuɗi
suna a matsayin shaidar da mai kaya zai tabbatar daga Gwamnati su ke
kuma ga darajar kayan da Gwamnati ta ce ka ba ni nan a rubuce a cikin
takardun.
Amma idan muka waiwayi tarihin kuɗi za mu ga mutanen baya sun yi
amfani da wasu abubuwa masu daraja ne wanda a karan kansu
abubuwan suna da darajar da za a iya amfani da su a sarrafa wani abu
kamar; zinare, gishiri, fata, azurfa da dai sauransu, dukkanin su za a iya
amfani da su a sarrafa wani abun na amfani. Idan an karɓe su an bayar da kaya, to an karɓi abu mai daraja ne aka bayar da abu mai daraja.
Saɓanin kuɗaɗen takarda ko na digital da mu ke amfani da su da ba su
da wata daraja domin babu abin da za ka iya sarrafawa da su, kawai
kana karɓa ne a matsayin dole.
Masana na kallon samuwar kuɗin fiat a matsayin wani ci gaba ta fuskar
sauƙin sha'ani, amma kuma sun bautar da al'umma sakamakon tsirarun
mutane ne su ke da ikon samar da su da ikon sarrafa su. Yau ko nawa
gare ka sai Gwamnati ta so kayi amfani da su sannan za ka iya amfani da
su, idan ta so sai ta hana ka amfani da su, sannan idan ta so sai ta hana
amfani da su ta kawo wanda ta ga dama. Saɓanin zamanin da a ke amfani
da wasu abubuwan kamar zinare a matsayin kuɗi, kana da ikon sarrafa
kuɗaɗenka yadda ka ke so, idan ka so ma sai ka narka zinarin ka ƙera
wani abun mai daraja da shi. Gwamnati ba ta da ikon cewa a daina
karɓar su saboda suna amfani da yardar al'umma ne gaba ɗaya ba
yardar Gwamnati kaɗai ba. Amma yau idan Gwamnati ta ce ta soke
amfani da kuɗaɗen da mu ke amfani da su ta bugo sabbi to fa tsoffin sai
dai su zamar maka shara, domin babu abin da za ka iya amfani da su ka
sarrafa, don haka masana su ke ganin suna da rauni ta fuskar inganci da
kuma ƴanci.
Characteristics Of Money
Akwai siffofi da ɗabi'un nagarta da ya kamata duk wani abu da a ke
amfani da shi a matsayin kuɗi ya kasance yana da su. Mafi yawan
abubuwan da mutane suka dinga amfani da su a matsayin kuɗi ba su
gama cika ingantattu ba, saboda ba su gama haɗa dukkanin siffofin ba.
Kuɗi mai cikakken inganci shi ne wanda ya haɗa halayen nan guda
shida:
1. Durable
2. Divisible
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